Known in Israel as the War of Independence, and in the Arab World as the Nakba (Catastrophe). The war began on 30 November 1947 as a civil conflict between Jews and Arabs in Palestine, immediately following the adoption of UNGA Resolution 181 that approved the Partition Plan for Palestine. Following the termination of the Mandate for Palestine and the Israeli Declaration of Independence, military forces from seven Arab countries invaded Palestine and began fighting the newly-created Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The war ended in 1949 with Israel signing separate armistice agreements with Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria, leaving it in control of the entire territory allocated to the Jewish state in the Partition Plan, as well as more than half of the territory allocated to the Arab state. Following the 1967 Six Day War, the armistice lines became collectively known as the (4 June) 1967 Lines or the Green Line. The war resulted in hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees.

An armistice agreement concluding the 1948 War between Israel and Lebanon, signed in Ras en Naqoura on the Israeli-Lebanese border on 23 March 1949. Although Israel was in control of a portion of Lebanese territory at the time of the signing, the armistice line corresponded to the 1923 Mandatory border, with a total length of 81km.

A war between Israel on the one hand, and the PLO and Syria on the other, which broke out on 5 June 1982. The war began as a limited Israeli operation (Operation Peace for Galilee) against PLO strongholds in southern Lebanon, following sustained attacks against civilians in the north of Israel, as well as the attempted assassination of the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom. Israeli operations were extended as it became embroiled in the ongoing Lebanese Civil War, and Israel eventually occupied large parts of Lebanon, including western Beirut. In what became known as the Sabra and Shatila Massacre, Christian militias attacked two Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut, killing hundreds to thousands of civilians. Under intense Israeli pressure, the PLO leadership relocated from Beirut to Tunis in 1982. In 1983, a non-belligerency treaty was signed between Israel and the Christian-backed Lebanese government, but it was cancelled the following year. By 1985, Israel gradually withdrew its forces from most of Lebanon, forming the South Lebanon Security Zone. Low-intensity warfare between Israel, the Israeli-allied militia South Lebanon Army and Hezbollah continued until Israel's complete withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000, thereby implementing UNSC Resolution 425 of 1978.

A war between Israel and Hezbollah that took place on 12 July–14 August 2006. The immediate cause of the war was a Hezbollah operation against an IDF patrol that left three soldiers dead and two missing, followed by widespread retaliation ordered by Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. Initially conceived as a limited operation to end low-intensity Hezbollah attacks occurring since the 2000 Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, it eventually became a full-scale invasion that led to extensive damage and civilian casualties in Lebanon. Most combat operations occurred in southern Lebanon, with extensive Israeli airstrikes on Hezbollah strongholds in Beirut and commando operations in the Beqaa Valley. During the war, Hezbollah, under the leadership of Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah, fired thousands of rockets and missiles on localities in northern Israel. The war ended with a ceasefire mandated by UNSC Resolution 1701, including a reinforced UNIFIL mandate and the deployment of the Lebanese Army in the south. Israel completed its withdrawal from Lebanese territory in October 2006.

Map of Palestinian Refugee Camps in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, the West Bank and Gaza

An agreement between Britain and France establishing the border between their Mandatory territories of Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. The agreement followed the division of mandates established at the San Remo Conference, but preceded the establishment of the actual mandates in 1922. The border between British-controlled Palestine and French-controlled Lebanon and Syria was amended by a further agreement in 1923.

A secret agreement concluded on 16 May 1916 between Britain and France, dividing the Middle East into spheres of influence ahead of a possible victory against the Ottoman Empire in World War I.

An international conference held in Paris during 1919, following the conclusion of World War I. During the conference, the victorious Allied Powers, chiefly the United States, Britain, France, Italy and Japan, sought to reach an understanding with regard to the political outcomes of the war, especially the status of territories previously controlled by the defeated Central Powers. Zionist representatives to the conference presented their territorial claims, extending over Palestine and areas of the surrounding countries (Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Egypt).