A strip of territory 1-3km wide, roughly 20km north-west of Jerusalem, which became a de facto no man’s land between Israel and Jordan as a result of the 1949 Israel-Jordan Armistice Agreement. It came under full Israeli control as a result of the 1967 Six Day War. Most of the international community views the area as occupied Palestinian territory, along with the adjacent West Bank. The main highway between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem (Route 1) was built through the area in 1979, and a high-speed rail line connecting the two cities, also passing through the area, is currently under construction.

A war between Israel and Hezbollah that took place on 12 July–14 August 2006. The immediate cause of the war was a Hezbollah operation against an IDF patrol that left three soldiers dead and two missing, followed by widespread retaliation ordered by Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. Initially conceived as a limited operation to end low-intensity Hezbollah attacks occurring since the 2000 Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, it eventually became a full-scale invasion that led to extensive damage and civilian casualties in Lebanon. Most combat operations occurred in southern Lebanon, with extensive Israeli airstrikes on Hezbollah strongholds in Beirut and commando operations in the Beqaa Valley. During the war, Hezbollah, under the leadership of Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah, fired thousands of rockets and missiles on localities in northern Israel. The war ended with a ceasefire mandated by UNSC Resolution 1701, including a reinforced UNIFIL mandate and the deployment of the Lebanese Army in the south. Israel completed its withdrawal from Lebanese territory in October 2006.

Reference map showing the limits of the Southern Coastal Aquifer, extending from the central Israeli coastal plain to the Gaza Strip. An aquifer is an underground layer of rock, sand or silt from which groundwater can be extracted. This aquifer is an important source of water for both Israel and the Gaza Strip, but is considered to be in danger of depletion, pollution or salinization due to excessive pumping and the growth of urban areas and industrial activity.

An agreement between Israel and the PLO concluded in Cairo, Egypt, on 4 May 1994, as part of the Oslo Process. It was signed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, and witnessed by the United States, Russia and Egypt. Following the 1993 Declaration of Principles, it made for the partial withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip and the Jericho area. It also formally established the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) as a 24-member body combining executive and legislative powers, which was put in charge of the areas from which Israel was to withdraw. The withdrawal took place as scheduled on 25 May 1994. The Cairo Agreement was followed and superseded by the Interim Agreement of September 1995, turning over additional responsibilities to the PNA.

A protocol to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement, signed in Jerusalem on 5 October 1999, following the timetable set in the Wye Memorandum and the Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum. Its purpose was to implement Article X of Annex I to the Interim Agreement, facilitating operation of the Safe Passage, two transportation corridors linking the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and to establish operational and security arrangements accordingly. The two routes were to link the Erez Crossing on the northern border of the Strip with Tarqumiya west of Hebron and with the Ramallah area. Only the Erez-Tarqumiya route became operational, and closed after roughly one year of operation, due to the outbreak of the Second Intifada.

An Israeli proposal for a permanent territorial settlement in Jerusalem, put forth in 2000 during the Camp David Summit. Under the proposal made by Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and presented to US President Bill Clinton, outlying Palestinian neighborhoods would fall under Palestinian sovereignty, in addition to the Christian and Muslim Quarters of the Old City. Israel would retain sovereignty of inner-city Palestinian neighborhoods, as well as the Jewish and Armenian Quarters of the Old City, while the Temple Mount/Al-Haram al-Sharif would fall under Israeli control and Palestinian “custodianship”.

Elements pertaining to the Old City of Jerusalem of Jerusalem in the Geneva Initiative, an unofficial draft proposal for a permanent status agreement resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. These include Article 6, Sections 5-10 of the original 2003 agreement and an attached map, as well as Annex 6 regarding multinational presence on Temple Mount/Al-Haram al-Sharif.

A Palestinian proposal for a permanent territorial settlement for the Historical Basin in Jerusalem put forth in 2008 during the Annapolis Process.

Reference map showing former Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip, categorized by the organization responsible for their establishment.

A proposal for a comprehensive Arab-Israeli territorial settlement, with significant territorial exchange, made by Israeli geographer Gideon Biger at the 2004 Herzliya conference. Under the proposal, Israel would retain parts of the Golan Heights and West Bank, occupied during the 1967 Six Day War. A Palestinian state would be established on the remaining West Bank territory, as well as the Gaza Strip and adjacent territory ceded by Egypt, with a corridor linking the two parts. Additional territorial exchange between Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Syria would complete the scheme.